Odyssey and Goddess Calypso Circe

Maddy Evans 5 Paragraph Essay Brain-storming Part I: Separation 1. )Call to Adventure  ·Odysseus must go to Troy to fight in the Trojan War 2. )Refusal of the Call  ·At first he refuses and states that he IS NOT going to war. 3. )Answering the Call  ·Athena tells Odysseus that he should go fight. So he finally decided he was going to.  ·He packed up weapons/food and put together a crew and set sail for Troy. 4. )Supernatural Aid/Guide  ·Athena, throughout, The Odyssey , aids him in his every need. . )Companions  ·Athena (Godley aid)  ·Penelope (Odys' wife)  ·Telemachus (Odys' son) 6. )Crossing the Threshold  ·When Ody Leaves for the Trojan War. 7. )Threshold Guardians Poseidon`s Monster Polyphemus 8. )Entering the belly of the whale Odysseus is the sole survivor of a shipwreck and ends in Calypso's island. Part II: Initiation 1. )Road of Trials 1. Cicones (six men lost from each ship 2. Lotus-eaters (must by force drag the intoxicated men back to boats) 3.Cyclops (l oses 6 men – puts out Polyphemus's eye – taunts the blinded Cyclops) 4. Aeolus (gives sack of winds to Odysseus) Aeolus 2 (pronounces curse on Odysseus after winds let out) 5. Laestrygonians (loses all ships but his own) 6. Circe (men turned to pigs – moly helps him escape her curse – one year in Circe's home) 7. House [Kingdom] of the Dead (sees Tiresias and Achilles his mother [Anticleia], Agamemnon, et al. ) A. Circe 2 8. Sirens (Odysseus listens! ) 9. Scylla and Charybdis (loses six men to Scylla) 10.Cattle of the Sun (loses the rest of his men) 11. Calypso's Isle 2. )Meeting with the Goddess Calypso Circe 3. )Abduction/Night Sea Journey being Captured by Calypso The trip to Hades 4. )Dragon Battle Representing the many hurdles Ody must overcome on his journey home. 5. )Companions In order for Ody to be transformed, he must give up his old life. 6. ) Atonement to/Recognition of the father The end of Odys journey and is the stepping stone that helps hi m take his rightful place as leader in the society. 7. )Ultimate Boom

Gossip Girls

How many times a day do you gossip . . . .Either as a sender or receiver? Although you may think gossip is harmless, it can have some pretty serious consequences. It did for four former employees of the town of Hooksett, Mew Hampshire, who were fired by the city council for gossiping about their boss. They learned the hard way that the gossip can cost you your job. The longtime employees were fired because one of the woman had used derogatory terms to describe the town administrator and because all of them had discussed a rumor that he was having an affair with a female subordinate.All four of the woman acknowledged feeling resentment toward the woman. Who worked in a specially created position and was paid more than two of the employees, despite having less experience and seniority. Despite an appeal of their dismissal by the four employees, the Hooksett council didn’t budge and stated. â€Å"These employees do not represent the best of the town of Hooksett and the false rum ors, gossip and derogatory statement have contributed to a negative working environment and malcontent among their fellow employees.† Despite national media attention and a petition signed by 419 residents, asking for the woman to be reinstated, the city council hasn’t wavered on its decision. An attorney for the four women said that his clients were, â€Å"legitimately questioning the conduct of their supervisor, and whether the female subordinate was getting preferential treatment. It almost cheapens it to call it gossip. It might have been idle, not particularly thoughtful, talk. But there was no harm intended.

Was Christopher Colombus a Hero or Villian

October 15, 2012 Was Christopher Columbus a Hero or a Villain to America? Yes,  Columbus  discovered  America, but do you know how many deaths and how much destruction it  cost? Columbus  went to explore the ocean and he found a new continent,  North  America. He was actually looking for India and its gold but found a different place. Exploration of  North  America  brought so many bad things to people. All of those things happened because of  Columbus. It makes one want to say that Columbus  is a villain. First thing that makes  Columbus  a â€Å"bad guy† is lying. Columbus  lied to the queen about the explored island.He said that there's a lot of gold and spices, and people there would share anything with anyone. Columbus also lied that he reached Asia, which was his destination spot. He said all those things to make the queen believe that he's a good man and to save himself from the death. Five hundred years before Columbus was even born, the V ikings settled land in northern North America. They were the true discoverers of the New World. Christopher Columbus merely takes credit while the Vikings are remembered as drunken savages. Not only did he not discover the New World, but his calculations were based on other's works.What kind of â€Å"hero† can't find his way to where he wants to go and then receives the credit for a complete and utter accident! This doesn't only make him a liar but it also makes him selfish. But yet we Americans still nationally celebrate his â€Å"accomplishments† that were all just faux. Another interesting fact about  Columbus  being a villain is that he deculturalized people. When he arrived, he started to control all of the land. He wanted to shape the Americas into a European society, and he did not want to consider the current ways of the Native American practices into his new society.In fact, he would kill-or have his men-kill the Natives if he felt that they were being too unruly. For example how Columbus was on a mission to convert everyone to Christianity, instead of just letting the natives keep their normal religious practices. If you ask me he sounds more like a Hitler than a hero. Columbus  met Sarawak  Indians  in  North America; he wanted to make them just like Europeans. He was trying to make them all Christian. He was also giving  women  less power and fewer rights, and  women  had to work at fields and men had to work on deadly mines.A lot of people were protesting but if they protested, they were getting killed. That's another thing that makes  Columbus  a villain. Every native older than 14 was given an amount of gold to find per day. Those who didn't reach their amount got their hands chopped off. That is nothing compared to what he did to runaways whom were executed. These Europeans also brought disease that the natives' immune systems couldn't handle. Besides genocide, he also kidnapped 500 natives and brought the half that survived back to Europe. They also raped the Native Americans, beat, abused them and even tested out new weapons on them.The last but the worst thing that  Columbus  did to gain a â€Å"bad character† name is his partial massacre. When  Columbus  went to  America the  second time, he brought a lot of Native  Americans back with him to make them slaves to work for his queen. A lot of people died  on the way to Columbus's country, and others were dying because they worked hard as slaves in mines and fields, which was hard and dangerous. And that's the third reason to call Columbus a â€Å"bad guy† of history. Columbus  wasn't that much of a hero, as many people would say.I mean yes, he did play a very important parts in history. For example he brought exchanged different plants and animals between Europe and America. He also brought more attention to a new continent, and partially helped the Native Americans (before he killed a lot of them). B ut he also did the devious things like killing the Native Americans, spreading diseases to them, enslaving them and torturing and abusing them, it's easy to see why you could call Christopher Columbus a villain and defiantly not a hero after  hearing  all the details of his adventure.All the destruction and  pain  that he brought to people makes him a villain. Also the conflicts he caused between different countries and regions . Don't you think? Reference page http://www. scholastic. com/teachers/article/christopher-columbus-1451-1506 http://voices. yahoo. com/christopher-columbus-hero-villain-330564. html Holt McDougal United States History, Beginnings to 1877  ©2013, Florida Edition chapters 1-2

The Corporate Social Responsibility of the German Soccer Bundesliga Dissertation

The Corporate Social Responsibility of the German Soccer Bundesliga - Dissertation Example Center of discussion in this paper is corporate social responsibility (CSR) that is of increasing communal concern and is one of important parts of contemporary corporate sustainability on the industry, community and study schedule. It is of specific significance for business management, and this can be considered in the rising control it has achieved in the management field. CSR is generally viewed within a perceptive of business being a component of the social order. CSR tests associations to openly explain their business principles, recognize beliefs of their shareholders, and incorporate it to help the public. In the present day, international businesses are seriously involved in the debate of improvement, as well as execution of CSR; an outcome of it having the possibility to present strategic path to executives who would like to boost their group’s performance, as well as competitiveness. Nonetheless, CSR obtains small precise consideration in the arena of sports adminis tration, as well as sports promotion. Having noticed the spectacular professionalization of a number of sports - specifically football - during the past two decades, it is currently an industry by itself without any doubt. As a result, games managers are required to be completely evaluated and coping with expansions within the broader world of the ‘socio-political-economical’ setting just like corporate managers within other businesses are increasingly following and connecting with shareholders, as well as their â€Å"increasing range of interests†... CSR is generally viewed within a perceptive of business being a component of the social order. CSR tests associations to openly explain their business principles, recognize beliefs of their shareholders, and incorporate it to help the public. In the present day, international businesses are seriously involved in the debate of improvement, as well as execution of CSR; an outcome of it having the possibility to present strategic path to executives who would like to boost their group’s performance, as well as competitiveness. Nonetheless, CSR obtains small precise consideration in the arena of sports administration, as well as sports promotion. Having noticed the spectacular professionalization of a number of sports - specifically football - during the past two decades, it is currently an industry by itself without any doubt. As a result, games managers are required to be completely evaluated and coping with expansions within the broader world of the ‘socio-political-econom ical’ setting just like corporate managers within other businesses are increasingly following and connecting with shareholders, as well as their â€Å"increasing range of interests† (Werther, 2010, p. 33). 1.1.1 Role of Football in the Society In a number of countries, football has rooted itself into the national culture, and various parts of life revolve around it. Several countries have regular and dedicated football newspapers and other football periodicals. The ‘frame of mind’ of nations has been appeared to be linked to football. Success in a key tournament can bring joy to the local district or nation. On the other hand, defeat can lower the morale and has been noticed to be linked to mortality of the people.

Spanish and American War Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Spanish and American War - Research Paper Example   Cuba was at war with Spain for ten years that lasted till 1878. In that year, Spain assured the Cubans of colonial reforms, many of which never happened. Then in 1895, war broke out again and the three years of the war completely devastated the island. The idea of the Cuban insurgents was to make Cuba so unproductive that the Spanish would leave the island on their own accord. On the other side, Spain’s strategy was to get a quick victory by defeating the Cuban rebels, who were poorly armed and fought in groups. When this strategy failed, Spain separated the peasant population from the rebels. The Spanish army destroyed cattle and crops in the villages in order to sever the food supply of the Cuban rebels. Thus, during the war both Cubans and Spanish were responsible for the devastation of the island (Offner 50-51). After the Spanish-Cuban war, trade relations between US and Cuba deteriorated. The import-export firms and shipping lines began to pressure the government to n egotiate with the Spanish for peace in Cuba. However, there was another group who invested heavily Cuban industries and sugarcane mills; they wanted an alliance with the Spanish to end the war. When McKinley became president in 1897, the US was recovering from economic depressions, and the businessmen felt that economic stability would be hampered by wars. Till the last moment of McKinley’s declaration of war, the government was cautioned against entering into a costly war. Then there was the general public of America who was instilled with an adverse opinion of Spain. They considered the Spanish as tyrannical rulers and hence supported the Cuban’s rebellion against the Spanish. The administration of Grover Cleveland believed that the Cuban insurgents would not stop their violence. He initially was in diplomatic favor of the Cubans but changed his attitude once the latter started destroying American property. He turned in favor of the war ending and Spanish control of the island. On the other hand, the Republican Party favored Cuban independence, and so when McKinley became the president, he was expected to work towards liberating Cuba from Spain. McKinley, however, was not in favor of taking any decision that would endanger the country’s economy. During that time, he became aware of Cuba’s depressing situation. The island’s agricultural economy was devastated. The Cuban civilians, including women and children, were in near death conditions. Cuba was in dilemma about evicting Spanish rule since the Cubans were not confident about self-governance. During this moment, McKinley decided that non-interference would not solve the problem (Offner 52-54). McKinley was in favor of sending shipments of arms to the Cuban insurgents at the risk of deteriorating relations with Spain. To avoid a war with Spain, McKinley then took a diplomatic step by warning the Spanish to end their tyrannical rule over Cuba. He gave them three months†™ time, although he did not expect the Spanish to agree. Eventually, McKinley was almost prepared for a potential war. During this time, Praxedes Sagasta became the prime minister of Spain.  

Tzedakah Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Tzedakah - Term Paper Example The Hebrew word â€Å"zedakah† or â€Å"tsedakah† has been translated into English meaning either â€Å"righteousness† or â€Å"charity.† In earlier times it was referred to also as â€Å"almsgiving.† It can be defined as â€Å"an act of duty incumbent upon men of means to provide for those in want.† (Jacobs et al.: 2011, no page number). One of the main principles of Jewish faith is obedience to God’s laws, and within the Torah there is provision for widows and orphans through a system of giving from the rich. Heilman reports that when he conducted a survey on charity among Orthodox Jews, one man responded â€Å"I give tzedakah for lots of reasons but foremost because it is a mitzvah that the Torah commanded me to do and by doing so I am fulfilling my obligation to be a good Jew.† (Heilman: 1991, p. 134). This shows that giving tzedakah is seen as an important way of expressing one’s identity as a Jew, and of showing one ’s righteousness before God and before other people. It is not just a voluntary sign of goodwill, but a formal ritual that is a compulsory and fundamental part of being Jewish. There is a saying â€Å"charity begins at home† (Goldman: 2000, p. 250) and this encompasses the duty that parents have towards their children and children have towards their parents. ... Each person is expected to give according to his or her means, and this might be a small or large amount. In ancient times there were strict rules on reserving a portion of one’s wealth for giving to the poor and to strangers in the community. This is called â€Å"tithing†, and its purpose is to help people remember that all good things come from God, and that they have a duty to share their good fortune with others who are in need. In modern times it is all too easy to forget this, and get caught up with the materialism of our consumer society, but practising the act of tzedakah is a good way of keeping our feet on the ground. If everyone took this commandment seriously, then there would be far less poverty in the world. The origins or of the term tzedakah come from Deuteronomy 15:4 â€Å"There shall be no needy among you.† From the earliest times, when the Jewish people lived at times in a precarious land, with deserts, bandits and all kinds of famines and disa sters, feeding the needy was seen as a priority. Husbands died of illness or were killed in wars, leaving weaker members of the family in need of support. Many of the ancient stories speak of strangers in need, and the great Jewish teachers are famed for stopping what they are doing to help the needy. Hospitality is a basic duty in the Middle East, and it offers an opportunity to be charitable and generous even to strangers. When Jewish people were spread out across Europe and the Middle East in the diaspora, there were often persecutions and it was only by sticking together and sharing their wealth with each other that many Jewish communities survived. Today there is often a connection between the giving of tzedakah and the life of

University of Strathclyde Marketing Strategy Coursework - 1

University of Strathclyde Marketing Strategy - Coursework Example The University has witnessed a growing number of international students in the recent due to its strategy to globalize the education sector. The report highlights the marketing strategies used by the University of Strathclyde to achieve both academic and marketing excellence in the education sector. The University of Strathclyde has a common goal of attracting high-quality students and recruiting wonderful faculty members and staff. Also, the institution targets at encouraging more alumni to make donations in support of existing school programs, as well as build up the school’s reputation and brand recognition. In order to stand out from the other Universities and Colleges in the UK, the institution focuses more on writing an effective marketing strategy that suits their environment. The institution concentrates its efforts in creating a five to seven-piece communication plan to build and sustain interest in its activities(Morfaw, 2009, p. 126). The flow of marketing information targets to the student population and focuses on the key marketing message to be communicated to its audience. Above all, the University’s marketing strategy pays more attention to the academic outcomes of the institution. The University also builds its communication around marketing specific academic programs and the previous results achieved from the same programs. The results could be based on the graduate and job placement or faculty achievements. Specific tactics used for marketing include the development of print and web collateral that contain adequate information on the programs of interest and their points of difference. Such technics enhance the University’s web presence and result in the development of more compelling pages that highlight the quality of the academic programs offered by the institution. The marketing tools also used include a tuition and scholarship net cost

My personal educational goals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

My personal educational goals - Essay Example Last year, when I saw my cousin graduating from UMass Amherst and looking at his groomed personality, I decided to get admission in this University. My main educational goal is not only getting the desired degree but also to attain high grades, which will help me to get a good designation in a multinational organization. I want to get a bachelors degree in Hospitality and Tourism Management because it is my passion to work in the hospitality industry and its future scope is improving with the passage of time. World travel and Tourism Council survey reveals that 8% people who are doing job are working in the travel and tourism industry and it is expected that this percentage will grow because this industry is one of the fastest growing industries of the world. Different factors affecting tourism such as social, economic, and environmental are very important to consider when making a decision about suitable career that also offers good quality of life. I feel comfortable and relaxed while selecting this field as my career because there are various opportunities in the hospitality and tourism industry and I can surely pursue my career somewhere in hotels, commercial food services, tourist destination, recreation, sports management, and airlines etc. This is a dynamic and huge industry in which different fields are growing rapidly giving ambitious and hard working students chance to enter in this industry and make their name. I like this industry because it is working in a very high competitive environment and to me there is a lot of charm working in such competitive industry. I want to gain rich knowledge and build skills of customer service and strong business foundation that will help me to become a successful professional in the hospitality and tourism industry. I believe that the students who have graduated in the hospitality and tourism management programs enjoy the combined capabilities of business and life skills with the hi gh

Article critique Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Article critique - Assignment Example The paper lacks a step by step flow of research write-up. It has also left out certain critical elements found in an abstract such as relevance of the study as well as research methodology and conclusion. However, its inclusion of keywords is remarkable as those words are relevant to the study. The study is inspired by the observations made concerning the emotional turmoil that the working members of the society go through whenever certain change that would require a transition from one regular habit to another is introduced. The economic sectors have witnessed a lot of psychological problems caused when upheavals are experienced in the society. Transformative learning has been therefore identified to be one of the ways that can best go about this problem. It is this problem that the research seeks to explore. The paper begins by exploring the status quo of the problem at hand. It describes several studies have been done in trying to understand the essence and relationship between critical transformative learning and the welfare of workers. This is explored in reference to previous studies that had been conducted to understand the same. From this discussion, a knowledge gap is created which demonstrates that not so much has been done to determine exactly the effectiveness of transformative learning as opposed to together modes/forms of learning in shielding the workers from the shock of rapid social changes. This revelation renders the research relevant for that particular study as there is a wide lacuna that needs to be studied. However, it becomes ambiguous when it states that it seeks to broaden the knowledge and understanding of transformative learning ‘through describing restorative leaning’. This purpose is not easily understood as one may be left wondering what variables influences what or how does the variables correlate in case they actually are. A precise and clear purpose of the study

Learning to Look Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Learning to Look - Essay Example This feature makes it be more attractive to youth who participates in various activities such as games. Secondly, the products come in various colors in order to satisfy the interests of diverse range of customers. Different customers prefer products that have been branded using specific colors. In order to satisfy all market segments, Pepsi Company has branded the products using ribbons of different colors. Third, the products have been packed using different masses. This is to cater for different age groups ranging from small children to adults. Fourth, the bottle surface is rough rather than smooth an aspect that would make it not to slip from the hands of the users. Lastly, the products have been presented in different forms. These include unflavored and flavored water. This makes the customer to select his/her choice of the product (MacRury 2009). Three principles of art are well represented in this advert. First, art principle that is represented is repetition. The name Aquafina has been repeated in all related products. This makes the products to be distinct. Secondly, an aspect of variety is seen through the advert. The company has advertised variety of the products in order to attract different parts of the customers. In addition, this is aimed at increasing the market size. Lastly, the principle of unity is also well presented. All products are presented in one magazine an aspect that creates a unifying factor towards the products. This plays a very great role in segmenting the market. The product being advertised is refreshment. It has been advertised in youth magazine as a result, the major target of the advert is the teenagers. The text accompanying the product is simple to understand an aspect that makes the readers understand the use of the product. The clear image characterizes the product as of high quality and healthy for human consumption. This would

Control For Induction Motors Essay Example for Free

Control For Induction Motors Essay Project paln Soft starter and soft stopping for speed control for induction motors Introduction The project is entirely on the design and development of a soft starter converter that will satisfy and implement the soft starting and soft stopping for speed control of an induction motor. Soft starters also called solid state starter are used for gentle starting and stopping of induction motors. Pumps, centrifuges, compressors, escalators, belt conveyors, mills, fans, stone crusher and saws are typical applications. If a motor is not adequately protected the sudden change in rotation torque and speed, which occurs on starting and stopping will jolt the equipment linked to it. Over the long term this can lead to increase in mechanical wear of gearboxes, clutches, transmission and conveyor systems. Abrupt starting and stopping can also damage goods being handled by the mechanical equipment. For instance, the filling and distribution of glass bottles and containers loaded on to a conveyor holds a potential for a minor disaster. One sudden jerk during starting and stopping will surely cause the entire process line to engage in a mass of broken glasses and dripping liquids or sticky product. With pumps soft starters eliminate pressure shocks in pipes and valves when the pipe pump starts or stops. This poses a particular safety hazard when the transfer of volatile and/or inflammable liquid is involved. Background Information Soft starter controllers provide the soft starting and stopping of induction motors with no beyond high maximum currents, motor heating or mechanical shocks. However this is more vital for most of large machines because there is entirely reduced starting torque and reduced impacts on mechanical parts, however this result in an increase in the equipment lifespan. Also the soft starting and soft stopping result in mass energy saving the power supply since the starting currents and voltages are low, meaning the amount of power dissipated at the start is less as compared to a normal start without a soft start. An induction motor soft starting and soft stopping inverter is a vital aspect which serves as a premier protection to the machine itself and the entire production line. The outmost need for soft starting and soft stopping is to prescribe the inrush currents that an induction motor absorb when being started from rest. This needs attention because it eventually causes the line voltages to decline, which is nevertheless a danger to such loads sensitive to low voltages. These inrush cerrents and high starting voltages are major cause to mechanical stress; when large currents enters the motor windings a larger magnetic field is being produced which can cause some parts to attract and repel Objectives The main project aim is to design and develop a soft starter converter that implements the soft starting and soft stopping of an induction motor. Specifically, the project will focus on the following objectives 1. To design and develop the hardware components of the project that features the soft starting and soft stopping of an induction motor. 2. To design and develop the software hardware that could be integrated to the hardware 3. To demonstrate the converter responses to starting and stopping operations of an induction motor. Methodology Justification soft starter controllers ensure the soft starting and stopping of induction motors without excessive peak currents, motor heating or mechanical shocks.This has a particular importance in large machines due to the power consumption in the megawatt range. The energy adsorbed by the motor winding and the shock torque have both and important impact in the mechanical parts and consequently, influences the equipment lifetime. they allow the reduction of cable section and the energy peak power from the electricity supplier. An induction motor soft starting and soft stopping inverter is a vital aspect which serves as a premier protection to the motor lifespan and http://www.ctiautomation.net/Control-Techniques-Soft-Starters.htm https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=vq=cache:srtLMpIZcMoJ:www.eaton.com/ecm/idcplg%3FIdcService%3DGET_FILE%26dID%3D428122+soft+starter/stopping+induction+motorhl=engl=mypid=blsrcid=ADGEEShf7UdxSK-mMBvBj-zftdxPnL24HsZr2T32U2sCIlpx8wZ1tKtG_L3r51v4roi7xe-vF81v_Qmww-XYxvRGlNfR5yzJBmrupuoU0b35MJVZOBjH1byAnHUh2i8OyPBR8r9Cd-bJsig=AHIEtbS1MVgMGWzC7MHbsX548ilI1M0rEQ

Media portrayal of young people today Essay Example for Free

Media portrayal of young people today Essay Adolescents- threat or asset to society? Discuss how media portrayal of young people today and in the past influences the concept of adolescence. This assessment will look at the various media that was used in the past and is used presently and consider the influence that it has on the perception of adolescence. Whether or not they are portrayed as an asset or threat to society will also be looked at. The essay will discuss both past and present media influences and state how there has been a change in both the use of media and the growth. Also why the media portray adolescence in particular ways. The way in which teenagers view themselves will also be briefly touch on. There is an array of media that produces information about adolescents these can include radio, newspapers, magazines and television documentaries. The media tends to create stereotypical images of young people that generalise and brand all young people even though they are part of a much broader group. Young people often find ways to express themselves, which are different to the generally accepted culture of their society. The various means by which they express themselves and mix are known as youth culture. (Jahsonic. com, 1996) There is no single youth culture in modern society, instead there is a variety of different youth subcultures. There are many reasons for this, such as there are more styles available and also a higher disposable income in family households to spend on todays fashions and the media is a bigger influence than it use to be on young people too. (Direct essays) In the 1960s there was a rebellion that swept across North America and Western Europe the term that is commonly used to refer to this is counterculture. The counterculture included the sexual revolution which started in the late 1960s and early 1970s this change in sexual behaviour in young people took place mainly in the wealthy western countries but in particular the U. S. A. and the U. K. especially after the introduction of the birth control pill. (Jahsonic. com, 1996) The violence in the 60s and 70s was limited to a small sector of young males but it wasnt as prevalent as it is now or as documented. Female youths were rarely involved or it was relatively unheard of but now there is a small sector of violent female gangs. In the Sunday Times in 1994 the title Sugar n Spice but Not at all Nice was used to describe the growth of girl gangs in society in which the girls would have convictions of assault, GBH, criminal damage and being drunk and disorderly. (University of Leicester, 2001) Books: Santrock, J. 2005, Adolescence 10th Edition, McGraw Hill. WebPages: Direct essays, A Single Youth Culture? http://www.directessays.com/newpaper.php?request=16662 Accessed 18/04/2005 Jahsonic.com, 1996, A vocabulary of culture 60s, 70s and 80s http://www.jahsonic.com/

Barriers to ICT in Nigeria School Research

Barriers to ICT in Nigeria School Research Information communication technologies (ICTs) are information usage tools that are used for the production, storage, processing, and distribution and exchanging of information. The many different information tools work together, and merge to make a networked world- which gets into every part of the world (UNDP Evaluation Office, 2001). It is a progressively more powerful tool for getting involved in global markets, enhancing political accountability; recovering and making better the delivery of basic services; and enhancing many development opportunities (UNDP, 2006). Ogunsola (2005) says Information Communication and Technology is a based electronic system use for transmission of information, to respond, process and retrieve, which has influenced the way we generally live our lives. Access to global knowledge and communication can be gained (Ogunsola, 2005). The use of ICTs by student make them get more knowledge and understanding to complicated subject topics and concepts and are m ore likely to remember information gained and apply it outside the walls of the classroom. (Apple Computer, 2002). In addition, students deepen their understanding and knowledge through ICT because there is access to information at different levels. (CEO Forum on Education and Technology, 2001). Nigeria is a developing country populated with over 124,009,000 people.60% of the population in Nigeria lives in the rural area which do not even have access to social amenities like computers or IT amenities for distribution of information. Most schools in Nigeria do not have computer systems in their schools and even those that have do not make use of it or get the full utilization of the effectiveness and efficiency of information technology. The development of information technology in Nigeria has not attained the required heights which is affecting the use information and communication technology in the education system of the country. (Oyebisi, 2003) Education System in Nigeria is structured into four different levels; we have the primary education, secondary education which is divided into two different cycles-junior secondary school and senior secondary school, and we have also got the Tertiary and higher education level. The primary education is run for six years for ages from 5 to 11yrs after an examination called common entrance is written to secure admission into the junior secondary school education, the junior secondary school cycle is run for 3 years and from age 11 to 13 years and also the senior secondary school cycle also run for 3years from age 13 to 16 years after which a senior secondary school certificate (SSCE) is taken which stands as a requirement for entrance into the tertiary and higher education level. The tertiary and higher education level comprises of universities, polytechnics and college of education. (International organization for Migration). This dissertation will be a study on the secondary educatio n level in Nigeria focusing on the senior secondary school cycle. In Nigeria, the ability and effect of information technology has been known in the school system. (Yusuf, 2005).The evidence of this is shown in different reform policies laid down by the country to integrate ICT especially computer in the Nigeria school system. The federal government 1988 document policy implements the introduction of computer studies, both software and hardware, to the various levels of education in the country. The document also stated that secondary school teachers should be trained which was facilitated by introducing computer systems some of the secondary schools. In 2004, the revised National Policy on Education (FRN, 2004) focuses more on the need of ICT at all Nigeria education levels. For example, in the section 11 sub-section 102 (a) states that All states, Teachers Resource Centres, University Institutes of Education and other professional bodies shall belong to the network of information and communication technology (ICT) (p.53) and also further stated in the section 11 sub-section 102(d) states Government shall provide facilities and necessary infrastructure for the promotion of information and communication Technology at all levels of education (p.53). However, despite the written documents were accepted, they were not implemented which has left Nigeria to still be lacking in the usage of Information technology in the Nigeria education institutions. 1.1 RATIONALE FOR THE RESEARCH Information and Communication technology has made impact in all aspects of life (Oliver, 2002). Information and communication Technology has proved and provided so many positive effects in every aspects of any country, organization. Many countries have experienced drastically change in their environment especially their education factor through the use of information technology. In spite of such positive impact most developing countries like Nigeria are still yet to efficiently and effectively incorporate the use of information and communication technology into their educational system. This study will be researching the barriers and also factors that preventing the effective and efficient use of ICT in Nigeria and the steps to be taken to improve the usage of ICT. 1.2 RESEARCH QUESTION The research question developed to guide the study is What are the factors preventing the usage of Information and communication Technology (ICT) in the senior secondary school educational system of Nigeria? And what steps that could be taken to promote ICT usage in this sector? The following research sub questions were developed to guide the study: What is the current secondary school education system in Nigeria? What is the current level of usage of ICT in senior secondary school education system in Nigeria? What are the factors influencing usage of ICT in Nigeria senior secondary school education system? What are the barriers affecting the usage of ICT in Nigeria senior secondary school education system? What can be done to improve the current situation of ICT usage in Nigeria senior secondary school education? 1.3 AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this research is to be able to identify and analyze the different barriers preventing the usage of ICT in the Nigeria senior secondary school education system and make suitable recommendations to improve the current usage. 1.4 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY The objectives of this study: To understand Nigeria current senior secondary school education system. To understand the current usage level of ICT in senior secondary school education in Nigeria. To identify the factors influencing the usage of ICT in senior secondary school education in Nigeria. To identify the barriers affecting the usage of ICT in senior secondary school education in Nigeria. To establish the suitable ways by which the usage of ICT in senior secondary education in Nigeria can be effective 1.5 GANTT CHART The Gantt chart shows the framework for the research in terms of time scale apportioned to the different aspect of the research. Its a representation of the different tasks and activities that will be done in the research project. (See Appendix 1) CHAPTER TWO 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW Africa has experienced the growth of ICTs in different areas over the past decades and it includes education. The metamorphosis from teacher-centred educational method to learner -centred education the all over the world in the previous years, adds to the use of ICTs in education. Lending from the phrase Knowledge -Driven world as envisioned by (Hawkins, 2004;Inwent, 2004), it connotes that education developmental practices must centre on the same access (i.e. equal) and value of education which should emphasize the significance of change in the educational sector via use of ICTs and providing new generations with improved expertise to operate in the 21st century. The use of ICTs in African countries and Nigeria in general is rising and considerably increasing. Conversely, while there is a vast knowledge on how ICTs are being implemented in advanced countries, there is less information on the method in which ICTs are being brought in into schools in less advanced countries (Beukes-Amiss and Chiware, 2006). Observing the less-developed countries in accordance to these authors, there is usually a short access time for each month using ICTs via both the students and teachers and even a lesser time taken with good Internet access. It ought to be observed that accessibility of ICTs with reference to access in terms of proportion of teachers to students varies considerably. In spite of this, the recent and rising technologies challenges the conventional process of Learning and teaching, and the manner in which education is controlled or managed. Despite the fact that ICT is a vital area of research in its own right, it is getting a key impact throug h all prospectus areas. Simple global communication gives immediate access to a wide array of data, challenging assessment and assimilation skills (Fowowe, 2006). Rapid communication and better access to ICTs in homes, educational establishment, and at work may possibly mean that acquisition of knowledge or learning turn out to be a truly lifelong activity-activities via which the rate of hi-tech change, forces continuous assessment of the teaching progression or process itself. Besides the importance of the research, laying emphasis on the part of the Internet and students mind-set or attitudes towards it has been well thought-out. Nowadays, Internet has become our part of communal order via the provision of a variety of functions. On the other hand however, it has immense function by implementation of method of education and system at all the society. Moreover; having awareness of the educational technologies and its major parts as Internet needs being more creative i.e. readiness, to put in new growth, creativeness or originality for learning, allowing individuals have their own learning with supportive and collective intelligence, making significant learning based on the constructivist approach (Maddux, et al., 1997). 2.1 FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO USING ICT IN THE CLASSROOM In Accordance to Cox and Preston (1999), there are quite a few factors that have been recognized which could support and influence teachers in the usage of ICT in classrooms. In order to examine these factors furthermore with reference to teachers ICT use, the research makes use of the TAM (Technology Acceptance Model) done by Bagozzi, Davis and Warshaw (1989) which was an edition of hypothesis of reason action by Fisbein and Ajzen (1980) to examine the basis for the usage of ICTs by teachers. 107 adult users who had been using a managerial system for 14 weeks were tested with this model, and it was observed that peoples usage of computer was guided by the intents of their minds to use it and that knowledge effectiveness was also strongly related to these aims. 2.2 TEACHERS AND INSTRUCTIONAL APPLICATIONS OF ICTS Several different types of technology could be used to maintain and improve learning. All from digital moviemaking, video content, to handheld technologies and laptop computing has been used in classrooms. Likewise, new usage of technology such as pod casting are constantly emerging (Marshall, 2002). From Marshals view point, a variety of technologies brings different types of package and provides different purposes in the classroom. E-mail and Word processing promotes communicational skills; spreadsheet and database programmes promote organizational skills; and software for modelling promotes the basic understanding of Mathematics and Science concepts. It is imperative to look at how these electronic technologies vary and what type makes them essential as a van for education (Berker, 1994). Available technologies in classrooms nowadays vary from simple tool-based functions for example word processors, to scientific repositories of online data. Others are handheld computers, primary historical documents, two-way distance learning classrooms and closed-circuit television channels. Prensky (2005) emphasized that even the mobile phones that a lot of people now take with them can be used to gain knowledge. In accordance with Zhao and Lei (2006) all technology is possible to play diverse roles in the learning of students. Instead of trying to illustrate the effect of all technologies by putting them as the same, researchers ought to consider the various types of technologies that are being used in class-rooms and for what intentions. Two universal differences can then be looked at from the literature. Learners can study from computers where technologies are used basically as teachers and tend to enhance students essential knowledge and skills. Furthermore, it is feasible for them to be taught with computers where technologies are used as tools that can be used in varieties of goals in the knowledge acquisition process and can be as resources to help in the development of advanced order thinking, research skills and creativity (Ring staff and Kelley, 2002; Reeves, 1998). Murphy, et al., (2001), said that the primary structure of student studying from computers is explained as DES (Discrete Educational Software), CAI (Computer-assisted Instruction), ILS (Integrated Learning System), and CBI (Computer-based instruction). Applications of this software are also the most broadly accessible applications of learning machinery in schools nowadays, alongside the word-processing software, and have immensely helped in classroom for over 20 years (Wong, Ravity, Becker, 1999). Murphy et al., (2001) elucidates that teachers employ the use of (Discrete Educational Software) DES not only to enhance teaching, as in the previous years, but to provide means for self study, bring in topics, and give chances to learn ideas otherwise difficult to get to students. The software also performs two key hypotheses about how computers can aid learning. Primarily, the users capability to relate with the software is barely described in methods intended particularly to encourage studying with the tools. Secondly, computers are seen as a medium for acquiring knowledge, to a certain extent than as tools which may perhaps support more learning. As Discrete Educational Software (DES) is known as the universal method or approach to computer use in students acquisition of knowledge. Of late, the usage of computers in schools has developed more varieties as educators identify the potency of studying with technology as a way of enhancing or improving students problem solving abiliti es and reasoning. Zhang (2005) remarks that this move that has been motivated by the superfluity of communication devices and new information now more available to students at home and in school , each of which gives new enablement to students and teachers alike for enhancing and improving student success and to meet demands the 21st century skills. 2.3 BARRIERS TO ICT USAGE IN EDUCATION The observation that teachers proficiency and lack of understanding to weigh up the use, tasks and roles of ICT in education as the two major factors obstructing teachers willingness and self-confidence in using ICT support. Likewise, (JISC, 2004) in their observation on rising development in learning technology showed that the most noteworthy obstacles seen are linked to the training of staff in the use of ICT, staff attitude, access and ICT expertise in general. Furthermore (Elgort, Marshall Mitchell, 2003) similarly reported that staffs keep on identifying a lack of time as an obstacle to the use of technology. At the same time this has been interpreted to mean that staffs have not had the moment in time to attain the essential or Basic skills needed, which now appears more probable that it reveals a sense of main concern communicated by the institution and a need by academics to see a revisit on the investment or outlay of their time in accelerating their teaching and educationa l delivery with latest technology. Earlier study of academic staff attitude and manner of approach to the use of technology has also repetitively discovered time and a lack of such examples (e.g. knowledge and skills) as major obstacles to technology implementation (Marshall, 2000). The observation of ICT, has been user-friendly by teachers in this research is significantly relevant what Cox et al. (1999) observed. This is owing to the fact that most factors that teachers regard as making it easier to use ICTs was seen by Cox et al. as adding to the constant use of ICT by teachers in their learning, and which were also seen to be of main importance to these teachers in their teaching. The issues are: making the courses easier, interesting, and more diverse, more fun for them and their pupils, more enjoyable and more motivating for the pupils among others. In addition, it should be of a worthy note that in TAM (Technology Acceptance Model) by (Davis et al., 1989), one of the fundamental themes studied was apparently ease of use. This, in accordance to Davis generally influences peoples acceptance or approval to use a particular technology. CHAPTER THREE 3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research is a cautious enquiry or search into a research question, or venture to ascertain new, or gather old facts etc., by methodical study of a subject. A good research is organized, truthful, and regularly assisted by knowledge of experts. It is governed by an in-depth understanding of what it means to be acquainted with something, by principles for performing things observed, for putting together and evaluating evidence to enable choices to be made between competing accounts of an observable fact, for testing the reliability of conclusions (Sharp et al, 2006) The research methodology is divided into parts: The research design and the data collection. 3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN 3.1.1 Research Approach There are two types of approaches to a research, inductive approach and deductive approach. These two approaches are use to assess information. 3.1.1.1 Inductive Approach Inductive approach is a research approach that has to do with collection of data and then analyse the data, from which a theory is developed. It emphasize on having understanding on the human factor reasoning. It uses quantitative method in collection of data. The researcher is part of the process of the research. (Saunders, et al, 2009). 3.1.1.2 Deductive Approach For the purpose of this study, deductive approach will be used. Deductive approach is an approach that has to do with shifting from theory to data; there is development of theory or hypotheses, in which a research strategy is designed to test it. It emphasizes more on scientific principles. It is a highly structured approach. It uses collection of qualitative method (Saunders, et al, 2009). Deductive approach analyse the relationship between research and theory. Theories that have been developed are then tested. Theories gathered are quite illuminating until they are tested. A researchers analysis of any theory may change after data has been collected, tested and analyse. These may be because ,new theories might have been developed before the researchers finishes his or her analysis and also the data collected by the researcher may not fit into the real or initial theory. (Alan, et al, 2007) The process of deductive approach is-Theory, Hypothesis, Data collection, Findings, Hypothesis confirmed or rejected and Revision of theory. (Alan, et al, 2007) 3.1.1.3 WHY DEDUCTIVE APPROACH? The approach that will be used for this study is deductive approach because it is already established that Information and Communication Technology has made a very great impact in education but despite this Nigeria is still lacking in the use of ICT in education. Most of the secondary school students are yet to use a computer in their studies and teachers are finding it very difficult to change their system of teaching by using ICT in their system f teaching. Therefore here will now be collection of data through questionnaires to test this theory. 3.2 DATA ANALYSIS There are two types of methods used in data analysis, they are: Quantitative analysis Qualitative analysis 3.2.1 Quantitative analysis Quantitative analysis is a type of analysis that uses numerical data for its data analysis process like graphs collecting data through data collection technique such as questionnaire. (Saunders, et al, 2009). 3.2.2 Qualitative analysis Qualitative analysis is a type of analysis that uses non-numerical data for its data analysis process such as categorising data through data collection technique such as Interview. (Saunders, et al, 2009). Researchers that make use of qualitative analysis gets close to the targeted population which are being researched so as he or she can have a better understanding of them in terms of behaviour, beliefs and values. In qualitative analysis, new research concepts and theories emerges out of the collected data .Due to the relationship that tend to exist between the researcher and the people he or she is investigating, qualitative researchers play an active role in the research design and gets more involved in whole process. 3.3 PROPOSED RESEARCH STRATEGY FOR THE CURRENT STUDY The research strategy chosen must be able to answer the research question and sub-questions appropriately and also meet up the objectives set.(Saunders,et al,2009).There are many types of research strategies which include, experiment, survey, case study, action research, grounded theory, ethnography and archival research. . (Saunders, et al, 2009).For the purpose of this study, the research strategy to be used is survey. Survey strategy enables one to sampling, whereby data can be collected from a small population representing a large size population. 3.4 DATA COLLECTION METHOD The data collection method that will be used is questionnaire and which will be administered by using postal and also telephone interview. The postal or mail questionnaire will be administered to respondents which are principals, teachers and students, which will be sampled randomly, while the respondent for telephone interview will be Government official. 3.5 POPULATION TO BE SAMPLED The participant s will involve 25 principals, 250 teachers and also 250 students will be selected randomly from different senior secondary schools.10 Government officials will be used for the telephone interview. The questionnaire given will be filled by the respondents, which will be collected back. 3.6 TYPE OF DATA The kind of data to be collected include: Gender; Age; Qualification; Experience; school location, Education Level, ETC and also further questions to be asked are What is your level of computer literacy? Which kind of ICT do you have access to in your school? How frequent do you have access to the ICT items per week? What is the adequate level of the availability of ICT and access to them? What are the activities done with ICT items? What are the factors hindering the usage of ICT in the school? These are just few out of the questions to be set in the questionnaire; more questions will be added as i further into the study. 3.7 PROPOSED RESEARCH ANALYSIS FOR THE CURRENT STUDY The combination of both Qualitative and Quantitative analysis would be use for the purpose of this research for the data collected; because numerical data will be used for it data analysis and questionnaire will be used as the data collection technique and also the interview that will be conducted with the government officials will be analysed with quantitative. They will be given their opinions in the answering of the questions. REFERENCES Apple Computer, (2002).The impact of technology on students achievement. Available at:http://www.aple.com/education/research/index2.html {Accessed on{12/05/2010} Ajzen, I., Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behaviour. Englewood Cliffs,NJ: Prentice-Hall. Alan B.Emman B.(2007).Business research methods.(2nd edition).Oxford University Press Inc.,New York. Becker, H.J. (1994).Internet use by teachers. Available at: http://www.crio.uci.edu/TLC/findings/Internet-Use/startpage.html. {Accessed 25 May 2010} Becker, H.J.; Ravitz, J.L, Wong, Y (1999). Teacher and teacher directed student use of computers and software. Center for Research on Information Technology and Organisations, University of California,Irvin, and University of Minnesota. Beukes-Amiss, C.M. .Chiware, E.R.T. (2006).The impact of diffusion of ICTs into educational practices, howgood or how bad? A review of the Namibia situation. Available at:http://www.dspace.unam.na:8443/dspace/bitstream/1995/244/impact+diffusionICTedupdf {Accessed 23 May 2010} CEO Forum on Education Technology (2001). School technology and readiness report: Key building blocks for student achievement in the 21st century: integrating digital content. Washington, DC: Author. Available at: http://www.ceoforum.org/downloads/report4.pdf Cox, M.J., Preston, C., Cox, K. (1999) What Motivates Teachers to use ICT? Paper presented at the British Davis, F.D, Bagozzi, R.P Warshaw, P.R. (1989) User acceptance of computer technology: a comparison of two theoretical models. Management Science. 35(8). 982-1003 Educational Research Association Conference. Brighton. September. Federal Republic of Nigeria (FRN) (2004).National policy on education (4th edition.)Lagos: NERDC Press Fowowe, S.S. (2006).Information technology: A veritable tools for sustaining the Universal Basic Education Programme in Africa. Paper presented at the African conference on Achieving Universal Basic/Primary Education in Africa in 2015. University of Botswana. 16- 19 October Gray, D.S. . Souter, N. (2003).Secondary science teachers use of, and attitude towards ICT in Scotland. A Report, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK. Hawkins, R.J. (2004). Ten lessons for ICT and Education in the Developing World. World. Inwent. (2004) eLearning development and implementation: course information and documentation. Bonn: Inwent International organization for Migration, Ireland.()Available at:http://www.iomdublin.org/DORAS%20Nigeria%20Education.html#Secondaryeducation{Accessed 12 May 2010} JISC. (2004).Developing maturity in e-learning. Available at: http://www.aclearn.net [Accessed 21 May 2010] Kelly, K. (2002). Lesson study: Can Japanese methods translate to U.S. schools? Harvard Education Letter,18(3), 4-7. Lei, J. Zhao. (2006). Technology uses and student achievement: A longitudinal study. Computers and Education. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com {Accessed on 02 June 2010}. MADDUX, C., et al. (1997). Educational Computing. A Viacom Company in United States of America. Marshall, J.M. (2002).Learning with technology: Evidence that technology can, and does support learning .San Diego: State University Marshall, S., Elgort, I., Mitchell, G. (2003).Raising the Valleys: An Approach to Developing Staff Capability in e-Learning. Available at: http://surveys.canterbury.ac.nz/herdsa03/pdfsnon/N1123.pdf [Accessed 21 May 2010] Marshall, S. (2000). Report on the 2000 UTDC Survey of Academic Staff Needs for Teaching Technology Support. Wellington NZ, Victoria University of Wellington. Murphy, R., Penuel, W., Means, B., Korbak, C., Whaley, A. (2001). E-DESK: A review of recent evidence on the effectiveness of discrete Educational Software. Menlo Park, CA: SRI International. Ogunsola, L.A. (2005). Information communication technologies and the effects of globalization: Twenty-first century digital slavery for developing countries- Myth or Reality? Electronic Journal of Academic and Special Librarianship 6 (1- 2) 1-10. Oliver,R.(2002).The role of ICT in higher education for the 21st century: ICT as a change agent for education.Available at http: {Accessed 10 May 2010} Oyebisi, T.O (2003).The impact of the environment on the growth of the Nigerian IT industry. International journal of Information management. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com{Accessed 03 May 2010}. Pensky, M. (2005). What can you learn a cell phone? Almost anything! Innovative: Journal of Online Education,1 (5). Reeves, T.C. (1998). The impact of media and technology in schools: A research report Prepared for The Bertelsmann Foundation Sharp J.A., Peters J. and Howard, K (2006) The Management of a Student Research Project (3rd edn), Aldershot, Gower/Milton Keynes, The Open University. (Set book for M801). Saunders M.,Lewis P. And Thornhill A. (2009) Research methods for business students(5th edition) U.N.D.P. Evaluation Office. (2001).Information communication technology for development, No 5, pp 1- 31 UNDP. (2006). Information communication technologies and development. Available at:http://usdnhq.undp.prg/it4dev/ {Accessed 01 June 2010}. UNESCO, (2004). ICT pedagogy. UNESCO office. Yusuf M.O(2005) Information and communication Technology(ICT) and Education.Analysing the Nigerian national policy for information technology.Int.Educ.Joornal.Available at:http://ehlt.flinders.edu.au/education/iej/articles/v6n3/v6n3.pdf{Accessed 02 June 2010} Zhang, Y. (2005).Development and validation of an Internet use attitude scale. Computers and Education.Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science {Accessed 15 May 2010}

Essay --

Honor is very prominent throughout Shakespeare, but not everyone is trustworthy and honorable. There are some that keep their word and there are others that can’t be trusted at all. Prince Harry is a prime example of a honorable young prince because he has to make difficult personal choices that an aspiring king needs to make in order to rule a nation. Then there is Falstaff and King Henry IV who weren’t as honorable. They are all on different notions of honor with Prince Harry being at the top of the three. Falstaff has no chance at being the most honorable because he is lazy, selfish, dishonest, and manipulative. These characteristics are not in any way shape or form honorable and he wouldn’t be trustworthy enough to be noble and honorable. Falstaff thinks that he is honorable but he is nowhere near honorable. Then King Henry IV lacks the moral legitimacy that he needs to truly be a leader and honorable. He is very capable of arranging things and he is very energetic so that makes him able to obtain the throne and be qualified as â€Å"honorable.† Prince Harry is an honorable man but he has to win back his honor from King Henry IV. Harry shows his honor through his â€Å"noble behavior† by sneakly giving up his own honor to fool the people of the town to achieve their trust and Campbell 2 friendship, so when he does take the throne the people will like him better. He is a very complicated character in this play and he wastes a lot of his time with Falstaff earning the pleasure of both his father and England. He comes out of no where and surprises England by declaring that his dissolute lifestyle is all an act, and that he is just trying to lower the people around him expectations so that he can unfold his true heroic knowledge and t... ...the whole play. The characters all have their own different values and goals and this is why Falstaff can be lazy and dishonest, but he can still be considered honorable in his own way. This also goes along with King Henry IV and also his son Prince Harry. King Henry arranges a murder for Richard II just so that he can seize the throne for himself, yet he still is considered honorable and people view him as a great leader and look up to him. Then there is Prince Harry, he has to earn back his honor from the King and through out the whole play he shows how he is transforming himself form a low-life bum, that he pretends to be to become a honorable and noble leader. Each character shows their honor in different ways in the paly. Shakespeare does this purposely to get the reader to further engage with the characters in his story and understand them all a little better.

Owning and Starting a Business :: Business

For some people, being the boss, and which by boss I mean business owner, would be the greatest thing ever. Most think you get to pick your own hours, make the most money, and make everyone do the things you want done. Of course there is work involved and it takes work to make it but the rewards will be better owning a business that succeeds. The ultimate goal is becoming a millionaire and retiring at the age of forty and just drawing money from business production. However they really don’t understand the work it takes to make it a million dollar company. When these people are finally able to own a business they get a rude awakening. I am in no way trying to offend the typical business owner when I say, owning a business can be a challenging task that can cause many complications in your life and if you’re not careful they can change your life entirely. Over the last eight years I have watched my Aunt and Grandfather start a completely new hospice. My aunt is the main boss of the business, my grandfather just put in money so that she was able to actually start the business. Over those last eight years she has had some of the roughest times in her life. Being a single mother is hard enough, but then to start a business from scratch made it much more difficult to not only raise a family by herself. My aunt has had many problems in the last eight years and her business is now getting to the point of choosing what she does. I see some teenagers saying they want to own a business when they get older, but they only think of the money they can earn, the people they can tell what to do, and the fact that they can work when they want to work and no one can tell them otherwise. My aunt has put in more work to her business in the last eight years than I have done homework assignments in my school career. When one owns a business, they must wo rk constantly because there is always something that needs to be done. Whether there is a problem to sort out, bills to pay, or numbers and accounting paperwork to figure out, there is always something that they must do. I can remember staying the night at her house staying up late and playing video games while right down the hall she was in the office still working on paperwork at one and two in the morning.

Deforestation Essay -- essays research papers

Deforestation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The planet Earth is being scarred. Everyday the people of the planet earth are polluting the planet’s air, water and land. These are all natural resources that are necessary for our survival on this planet. Yet, we continue to abuse our planet. Our world population is growing out of control. The simple lesson of supply and demand tells us that we will need more resources in order to support the booming population. One of the most important factors in survival is food supply. With out enough food, we will not survive. Unfortunately, our forest ecosystems are paying the price for the food demand. Deforestation is a major problem on our planet. It is something that must be carefully monitored and regulated.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Deforestation is a practice that has been taking place for thousands of years. Human beings have found it necessary to clear out the forests for settlement and cropland. Although there is no evidence as to how much of the planet’s forests has been cut down, it is obvious that this valuable ecosystem is declining. Studies estimate that, â€Å"original forest cover has been reduced by nearly 50 percent.† (WRI, p.90)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The forest ecosystem provides a number of services both directly and indirectly to humans. For example, the Carbon and Nitrogen cycles are two of the cycles that are necessary for survival on our planet. Carbon is a key element on our planet. Carbon is found in the atmosphere, in plants and animals and in the ocean. â€Å"About 33 percent of the carbon that has accumulated in the atmosphere over the past 150 years has come from deforestation and changes in land use.† (WRI, p.50) When the carbon is in plants, it is released back into the atmosphere in a process called cellular respiration. If the trees and plants are cut down, the carbon cycle is not completed. The carbon will not be effectively removed from the air. â€Å"Fifteen tons of carbon (in the form of carbon dioxide) occur in the air column above each hectare (2.5 acres) of the Earth’s surface. One hectare of lush vegetation can remove 50 tons of carbon from the atmosphere annually.† (WRI, p. 60)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nitrogen is another key element. Lack of Nitrogen could limit plant growth. Often times, Nitrogen is added to fertilizers to help increase the growth of the crop. However, beca... ...restrictions on any practice, which could have a physical effect on the environment. For example, the government should have a good inventory of the country’s natural resources.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The government could also attach taxes to any natural resources, which are being traded out of the country. These taxes could be used, for example, to help replant forests. The money would help encourage farmers and timber harvesters to use alternative means in order to help protect the forests. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We have learned in class a lot about environmental sustainability. Humans are just a part of the many ecosystems on our planet. It is important that people consider themselves equals to the other species on this planet. We need each other in order to survive. Increased croplands may be a necessity, however, there are ways to make it less damaging to our environment. We cannot always look at the quickest, cheapest ways to get what we need. In the end, if we don’t change our ways, we (humans) will be responsible for the ultimate demise of our planet.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Deforestation Essay -- essays research papers Deforestation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The planet Earth is being scarred. Everyday the people of the planet earth are polluting the planet’s air, water and land. These are all natural resources that are necessary for our survival on this planet. Yet, we continue to abuse our planet. Our world population is growing out of control. The simple lesson of supply and demand tells us that we will need more resources in order to support the booming population. One of the most important factors in survival is food supply. With out enough food, we will not survive. Unfortunately, our forest ecosystems are paying the price for the food demand. Deforestation is a major problem on our planet. It is something that must be carefully monitored and regulated.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Deforestation is a practice that has been taking place for thousands of years. Human beings have found it necessary to clear out the forests for settlement and cropland. Although there is no evidence as to how much of the planet’s forests has been cut down, it is obvious that this valuable ecosystem is declining. Studies estimate that, â€Å"original forest cover has been reduced by nearly 50 percent.† (WRI, p.90)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The forest ecosystem provides a number of services both directly and indirectly to humans. For example, the Carbon and Nitrogen cycles are two of the cycles that are necessary for survival on our planet. Carbon is a key element on our planet. Carbon is found in the atmosphere, in plants and animals and in the ocean. â€Å"About 33 percent of the carbon that has accumulated in the atmosphere over the past 150 years has come from deforestation and changes in land use.† (WRI, p.50) When the carbon is in plants, it is released back into the atmosphere in a process called cellular respiration. If the trees and plants are cut down, the carbon cycle is not completed. The carbon will not be effectively removed from the air. â€Å"Fifteen tons of carbon (in the form of carbon dioxide) occur in the air column above each hectare (2.5 acres) of the Earth’s surface. One hectare of lush vegetation can remove 50 tons of carbon from the atmosphere annually.† (WRI, p. 60)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nitrogen is another key element. Lack of Nitrogen could limit plant growth. Often times, Nitrogen is added to fertilizers to help increase the growth of the crop. However, beca... ...restrictions on any practice, which could have a physical effect on the environment. For example, the government should have a good inventory of the country’s natural resources.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The government could also attach taxes to any natural resources, which are being traded out of the country. These taxes could be used, for example, to help replant forests. The money would help encourage farmers and timber harvesters to use alternative means in order to help protect the forests. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We have learned in class a lot about environmental sustainability. Humans are just a part of the many ecosystems on our planet. It is important that people consider themselves equals to the other species on this planet. We need each other in order to survive. Increased croplands may be a necessity, however, there are ways to make it less damaging to our environment. We cannot always look at the quickest, cheapest ways to get what we need. In the end, if we don’t change our ways, we (humans) will be responsible for the ultimate demise of our planet.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Review of “Methods of Resolving Interpersonal Conflict”

Review of â€Å"Methods of Resolving Interpersonal Conflict† Mark R. Long Morris Graduate School of Management Review of â€Å"Methods of Resolving Interpersonal Conflict† The article (Burke 1969) describes a number of methods for negotiating and handling conflicts. In this article the author describes both effective and ineffective methods ranging from force to withdrawal. Each method is defined by a number of examples. The most effective technique, Confrontation Problem Solving, is identified and described in terms of its characteristics. The second best resolution technique defined in Table 1 is Forcing while the worst technique was also Forcing. Forcing was the second best resolution technique under the Effective Resolution column at 24. 5%, following the best technique at 58. 5% Confrontation Problem Solving. Forcing also was the worst resolution technique at 79. 2% under the Ineffective Resolution column. Forcing was seen to be effective by the â€Å"winners† of a win-lose conflict. It was seen by â€Å"losers† of a win-lose conflict to be ineffective. Forcing is perceived as an effective method of resolving conflict by the victor, but not by the vanquished. From the first four examples in the text (Burke 1969) the best example is number 4. This example highlighted the fact that through problem solving both parties can benefit. Working through their differences they reached a solution that was optimal to both of them. This created a win-win scenario. With neither side feeling the â€Å"victim†, a better resolution was discovered. They can now build on this success to resolve the next problem without any carryover of negative history between the parties. From the remaining examples in the text (Burke 1969) the worst examples are numbers 5, 6, 7. All three illustrated Forcing as a method of conflict resolution. A win-lose situation is created. In each of the cases the superior prevails over the subordinate. This creates a win-lose situation where only one side perceives the outcome as positive. Win-lose outcomes are less likely to be accepted voluntarily. One person gets what they want and feels vindicated, while the other person loses out and feels cheated or a failure. The outcome is that future conflict resolution will be prejudiced and may not lead to an optimal resolution. To summarize the thirteen characteristics of Confrontation as a conflict-resolving you first need to recognize that Confrontation is a conscious and systematic attempt to maximize the goals of both parties through collaborative problem solving. The conflict is seen as a problem to be solved rather than a war to be won. The important distinction is to view this as both parties versus the problem, rather than one party versus the other party. This method focuses on the needs and constraints of both parties rather than emphasizing strategies designed to conquer. Full problem definition, analysis and development of alternatives precede consensus decisions on mutually agreeable solutions. The parties work toward common and super-ordinate goals. These goals can only be attained by both parties pulling together. There is an emphasis on the quality of the long term relationships between the parties, rather than short term accommodations. Communication is open and direct rather than secretive and calculating. Threat and coercion are proscribed. The assumption is made that integrative agreements are possible given the full range of resources existing in the relationship. Attitudes and behaviors are directed toward an increase of trust and acceptance rather than an escalation of suspicion and hostility. The Confrontational approach requires a very high degree of patience and skill in human relations and problem solving. The article concludes that conflict is not a bad thing in contrast to the text (Meredith and Mantel 2009) concerning the win-win approach to negotiation. The article suggests that a more realistic approach to conflict views conflict as necessary. That conflict can be used to define a problem more accurately and used to seek the best alternative for resolution of the problem. Without conflict there is no change. Change implies conflict because vested interests are challenged. Win-win outcomes occur when each side of a problem feels they have won. Since both sides benefit from such a scenario, any resolutions to the conflict are likely to be accepted voluntarily. The process of integrative bargaining aims to achieve, through cooperation, win-win outcomes. Conflict is an inevitable fact of human existence. If we work to understand and manage it effectively, we can improve both the satisfaction and productivity of our social relationships. Effective conflict management is indispensable if coordinated efforts and productive results are to be achieved. Since conflict may have functional as well as dysfunctional consequences, it is essential that individuals explore various methods and techniques of conflict management. Individuals that can increase their use of problem-solving in interpersonal conflict can create a better working experience and achieve more constructive consequences. References Burke, R. J. 1969, Methods of Resolving Interpersonal Conflict, PM Network, Personal Administration, July-August 1969, International Personnel Management Association. Meredith, J. and Mantel, S. 2009, Project Management: A Managerial Approach, (7th Edition), John Wiley and Sons

How to Tell Renata Essay

Relationship Development: â€Å"Renata is my mother-though I’ve never called her anything but Renata for as long as I can remember- and this is the way she’s always dealt with things. By ignoring them. Maybe it’s because she’s been on her own, except for me, pretty much all of her life and there was never anyone else for her to talk to†¦Renata’s OK as far as small things go, but keeps quiet on anything large and frightening. This is how I see it-she must think if the scary stuff is pushed to some far, webby corner of her cranium, shrouded and silent, then perhaps it doesn’t really exist†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Jacinda and Renata carry on a peculiar relationship between them. They had a stronger relationship between the two dramatic changes in her life. One was Jacinda’s father and Renata’s husband leaving and the second was Renata’s boyfriend Jerry. Now their relationship towards each other is very shaky. â€Å"Renata is my mother-though I’ve never called her anything but Renata for as long as I can remember.† This quote shows the formality between Renata and Jacinda and how they were never really close. Renata is afraid of reality and she is not afraid to let Jacinda know that. She thinks that if she doesn’t deal with the problems and ignore them they will just go away. â€Å"She must think if the scary stuff is pushed to some far, webby corner of her cranium, shrouded and silent, then perhaps it doesn’t really exist†¦Ã¢â‚¬  From this quote I have come to the conclusion that Renata is hesitant on confronting her fears and that she takes Jacinda’s relationship with her for granted.

Marketing Plan for Chick-fil-A Essay

Introduction Establishing a marketing plan to introduce a new service to an organization requires extensive analysis and reviews of its competitors. An organization needs to review the pros and the cons of any new service, especially when the organization is currently growing nationally. In this paper, Team A will provide a basic overview of Chick-Fil-A. Team A will introduce a delivery service for Chick-fil-A, including a SWOTT analysis, the importance of Marketing, and the marketing approach it should take to execute service. Chick-fil-A Overview Chick-fil-A is a company that was founded by S. Truett Cathy in 1946, which is privately held and family owned. The company services 39 states, 1,500 locations, including their headquarters stationed in Atlanta, GA (Chick-fil-A, 2012). Chick-fil-A mission statement is simple but strong; â€Å"To be Americas best swift-service food establishment at captivating and maintaining patrons (Chick-fil-A, 2012). Chick-fil-A has a huge variety of specialty chicken based products such as, a variety of chicken sandwiches, wraps, nuggets, salads, desserts, and now breakfast. Chick-fil-A has a few signature products that include their famous chicken sandwich, signature lemonade, as well as products with their different logos and characters for personal use such as clothing, cold and hot beverage mugs, books, and home and office supplies. Description of New Product Chick-fil-A is more than a restaurant, it has become a cultural following similar to the Starbucks and Chipotle franchises’, which focuses on a healthier fast food options and boasts family friendly environments, it would be beneficial to offer a delivery service that focuses on families and organizations. Chick-fil-A’s new product offering should be a family sized meal which can include various selections of our current options. This new family meal approach opens up the types of services provided and places the company in another category when it comes to being fast food restaurant competitor. Not only would Chick-fil-A continue to show the importance of family but it represents a strong tie to the organizations values and opens up the competitive market for the culture based following that has been established. SWOTT Analysis Strengths Chick-fil-A size and strengths gave the company an opportunity to offer customers a expedited option to patronize the business in the workplace and busy sites. Chick-fil-A is family orientated and kid friendly restaurant. For fast service and delivery, Chick-fil-A offers online order and catering delivery service to their customers. In 2010, Chick-fil-A system sales reached a $3.5 billion. The company’s product statement offers a variety of delicious products that can fit a balanced and healthy diet. Weaknesses Chick-fil-A Incorporation had to voluntary removal 1.5 million of the â€Å"Planet Discovery† Kid’s Meal premium from its restaurants in 2011. The kid’s meal had the planet toy attached to bottom of the suction cup which a small child could easily remove the toy and put it their mouths and swollen casing injury, (â€Å"Chick-fil-A Recalls Kid’s Meal Premium,† 2012). The cause of the recall caused the corporation money, however, it earned consumers respect because it the safety of their family was put first. Chick-fil-A redesigned the product to be kid friendly by making the pieces larger and keeping within the same theme. Opportunities The opportunity for other restaurants to capitalize on the food industry is with introducing new products, like McDonald’s with the McRib and Wendy’s with the Spicy Chicken Salad. However, Chick-fil-A has stayed a head of the game with launching new products such as the new spicy Chick-fil- A sandwich and introducing the healthiest kids meal, the Grilled Chicken Nuggets. Threats The fast food chains such as McDonalds, Burger King, or Wendy’s are a major threat to Chick-fil-A. Many of these chains are currently introducing healthier menu options which can potentially cause Chick-fil-A the inability to grow in certain areas. Although, there are differences between Chick-fil-A and these fast food chains, there are other restaurants service consumers’ healthy meal options such as â€Å"Veggie Grill†. Even if Trends America’s current trend of a healthy eating lifestyle will allow introduce a fast-food franchise that offers delivery service for consumers with minimal time. Chick-Fil-A will devote more ways to position assets to improve the majority of their restaurants with the intentions to improve patron’s satisfaction and present a complete service that always will produce an abundance of revenue. The Importance of Marketing Marketing plays an important role in Chick-fil-A overall success as it affects the positioning of business strategy of the products to the consumers. While managers may have an eye on the existing products and sales, profits, and market share and how well Chick-fil-A growth it continues to meet the company’s goal and expectation by; developing the products that customers want, making products readily available to the consumers, and promoting products and service that will outlast its competitors. Marketing Research Approach Chick-fil-A already counts with a great number of customers nationwide. The purpose of the new service that will be offer by the company is to retain and attract even more customers to our restaurants. The positive results of the project will help the company to expand to more cities within the U.S. to reach more customers. Considering the already existing customers, that already like the food and service that is offered at Chic-fil-A, they eventually would want to see a change that takes that food and that service to a different level of quality. Those changes in product and operations make things more convenient and accessible for consumers. At Chick-fil-A, we want to let the public know the new delivery service that will facilitate customers to eat food from Chick-fil-A without having to go to the restaurant. The group of consumers that the organization will target is those that usually are in need of fast food or that their busy schedules do not really have the time to go pick their lunch. Most working professionals are groups that are likely to have their food deliver to their work place or office, especially in places like Los Angeles and other big cities where heavy traffic, busy streets, and congested freeways is an issue. Also, for those who do not have the time to cook, like walking, or driving at night, a delivery service is a solution to their problem. In smaller cities delivery service is an attractive service for customers, specially, if shopping centers or restaurants are far away from the populated areas. In comparison to most fast food restaurants, which do not offer a delivery service, Chick-fil-A will be taking a step forward from its direct competitors. Finally, we will complete a competitor analysis. We will research the kinds of services our competitor offer and whether or not they charge for their delivery services. We will explore their online ordering and time frames between the orders being placed and delivered and will the order be free if it is not delivered within a specified time frame. Conclusion As a staple in the fast food industry for years now, we strongly believe in the marketing techniques and branding that Chick-fil-A has been known for; however, the company is not against change and recognize room for growth. The choice, as outlined above, to establish a delivery service should prove to be profitable and increase customers in all our markets. Our marketing plan provides complete coverage on how we plan to execute and introduce the change to all of our stores. We are confident that the delivery service will yield the expected results for Chick-fil-A for years to come. Reference Chick-fil-A. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.chick-fil-a.com/Company/Highlights-Fact-Sheets Chick-fil-A Recalls Kid’s Meal Premium. (2012, February). QSR Magazine . Retrieved from http://www.qsrmagazine.com/news/chick-fil-recalls-kids-meal-premium

Hrs Contribution To Broad Organisational Objectives Commerce Essay

In Today ‘s fast paced planetary concern economic system, Organisations today have major duties to map, facilitate, array and promote corporate societal duty ( CSR ) . Administrations like this demand rethinking in their concern ends, aims and motivations, concentrating chiefly on merely doing net income to the corporate citizenship. Human rights, labor patterns, health care to environment, all these have bit by bit been impacted by the CSR which has easy began to be seen in the communities worldwide. State and worldwide, HR plays a really critical function such as taking and educating their houses with respects to the importance of CSR while at the same time strategically implementing HR direction patterns which so supports the Company on the whole and the CSR ends. The purpose of the study is to foreground and emphasize on the impact of the HR direction within The Humphrey Group. The CSR has developed such corporate policies which cover a scope of issues, including the CSR, but despite this no 1 makes certain they are adhered to, appraisal of staff consciousness and measuring their impact. This maybe the board ‘s present mission, aims and moralss do non reflect the values of staff ‘s chance of clients. This is HR ‘s best placed to use staff in such issues. These values have an consequence in the staffing issues such as enlisting, preparation assessments and other procedures such procurance. HR plays a critical function in guaranting that all this happens. Developing the procedure where concern aims are assessed and values are realigned to fit staff ‘s outlooks. One of the ways that HR section can assist lend to The Humphrey Group ‘s broader aim of CSR is that they can measure all the staffs ‘ public presentation and carefully see how much bonus an employee should acquire depending on the public presentation. Besides this has to be known to the full employee working within the administration, so that they know how much they will acquire depending on their patterned advance. This will be just to all the members of staff within the administration and will diminish any unfairness and fillip dirts. In the undermentioned article â€Å" Yes directors should be paid like administrative officials Frey Bruno.S, Osterloh, Margit states that corporate dirts, reflected in inordinate direction compensation and deceitful histories, cause great harm. Agency theory ‘s insisting to associate the compensation of directors and managers every bit closely as possible to steadfast public presentation is a major ground for these dirts. They can non be overcome by bettering variable wage for public presentation as selfish extrinsic motive is reinforced. Based on the common pool attack to the house, establishments are proposed, functioning to raise per se motivated corporate virtuousness. More importance is to be attributed to fixed wage and beef uping the legitimacy of governments by procedural equity, relational contracts, and organisational citizenship behavior. † The findings of this article support that employees should be paid reasonably and besides appraisals should be conducted for this practise to take topographic point. This will therefore stop populace examination. Excessive direction and the bureau theory both become a ground for these dirts. In some scenarios the board of The Humphrey Group may perchance hold integrated policies that cover a scope of issues including corporate societal duty, but no-one barely sticks to it to look into the staff consciousness, or analyze their impact. The ground for this may be that the board of The Humphrey Group ‘s current aim and values do n't reflect the values of staff. Human Resource section is placed to guarantee that they let all staff know of these issues. Human Resource section acts an of import function to guarantee that The Humphrey Group aims are assessed and values re-aligned to fit them with staff outlooks. Some of the ways that this can be done is to reexamine The Humphrey Group policy and processs to guarantee values are consistent and besides another manner that this can be done is to confer with and affect staff more in the running of the concern. â€Å" Turban, Daniel B and Greening, Daniel W province in their article corporate societal public presentation and administration attraction to prospective employees provinces that Pulling on propositions from societal individuality theory and signalling theory, we hypothesized that houses ‘ corporate societal public presentation ( CSP ) is related positively to their reputes and to their attraction as employers. Result indicate that independent evaluations of CSP are related to houses ‘ reputes and attraction as employers, proposing that a house ‘s CSP may supply a competitory advantage in pulling appliers. Such consequences add to the turning literature proposing that CSP may supply houses with competitory advantages. † The hypothesis survey of the corporate societal public presentation ( CSP ) demonstrates that occupation seeking population has increased as it yields in enticing human resources depending on the grade of occupation picks possessed by an person. The CSP is associated to employer magnetic attraction for persons seeking occupation with elevated degrees of employment picks but non allied for the public with low degrees meaning plus point to certain companies with surging degrees of CSP to pull the most qualified employees. As stated in Richard W. Beatty, Jeffrey R. Ewing and Charles G.Tharp article of HR function in corporate administration: present and position. This article states that â€Å" We have explored this issue from the position of the HR map through a study of the senior HR professionals who attended the Human Resources Forum. The study was augmented with focal point groups. Our intent was to understand current patterns, attitudes, and behaviors with regard to legal criterions and professional and ethical codifications. We besides explored the functions of the CEO, HR leading, and the HR map in minimising ethical breaches that have diminished investor and public trust. We hope to cast visible radiation on the duties, actions, and hazards of the HR map and its leading now and in the hereafter. † In decision this study concludes that has thrown visible radiation on how the HR section maps and grips Humphrey Group. It holds up the company by it being its anchor which in return has a heavy impact on the correct and procedural operation of Humphrey group. In add-on, the HR plays a critical function in keeping healthy staff client relationship along with instilling a well defined bond of public trust. The HR Department besides holds a steadfast aim of integrating societal duties and realining direction ends and compensation moralss of the company.

Engineering Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Engineering - Essay Example Figure 1: Kariba Dam on the Zambezi river: Zambia/ Zimbabwe Source: http://www.internationalrivers.org/es/kariba-dam/kariba-dam?size=_original Furthermore it also offers valuable lessons in the manner in which a project of such huge magnitude was pulled off successfully in those days, considering the situation in the 1950s. Also, the construction of this dam required displacement of a large number of people living in or near by the dam site, thus attracting various social repercussions in the process (Adey, 2009: 116). The various implications of the establishment and implementation of this project are discussed in the following sections. Geological Setting The Kariba Dam is a double curvature arch concrete dam, reinforced with a spillway gate area (Balon & Coche, 1974). The Zambezi river, prior to reaching Lake Kariba, falls into various slot like gorges, which forms the Victoria falls. The drainage basin of the Congo River lies to the north of Zambia. Topographically, a significant portion of the Zambian territory comprises of an elevated plateau with an altitude of approximately 3000 to 4500 feet. There are highlands in the northeast and northwest territories of the country, with the Muchinga Mountains in the northwest having elevations of approximately 5900 feet. The population centres in Zambia are formed of two key areas, i.e. in the capital city of Lusaka and in the copper belt province of north central Zimbabwe, which comprise of rich deposits of copper ore (Stokes, 2009:751). Figure 2: Physical characteristics of Kariba Dam The soil in the Kariba river basin is deep Kalahari sand formation (Bingham, 2000) thus allowing the water to permeate in it quite easily. This is known to be one of the key reasons behind the occurrence / or high incidence of earthquakes in the area. Since the land was filled with excessive weight (i.e. water) the earth below it breaks down due to the added volume, leading the ground to break. There is evidence relating the level o f artificially created lakes and seismic activities in the area, leading to increased incidences of earthquakes (Jansen, 1988: 744; Goudie & Alexander, 1997: 40). The dam was initially built with a view to generate hydroelectric power; however, the creation of the same drastically altered the geography of the land including significant changes and alterations to the biodiversity of the neighbouring areas. The Kariba Lake was located in the tropics and was one of the first projects to be built in the region. It was created by damming of the Zambezi River which flowed between the two countries i.e. Zambia and Zimbabwe in the year 1959. The building of this lake was referred to as an audacious engineering feat since it was created by clearing up a large proportion of the lands leading to displacement of thousands of locals (Gray, 2000:69). Major problems encountered The construction of the Kariba dam brought about significant changes in the area, especially the generation of electricit y which was the key purpose behind the dam. However, it also led to several problems which are discussed below: Displacement of large number of people: The creation of the dam required displacement of the Tonga tribesmen, who inhabited the area. As many as 75000 tribal people were relocated to other areas during